Appendix A — Glossar

API	Application Programming Interface: a facility offered by a web resource which allows search queries independent of a GUI, often performed using scripts
bash	default program that runs in the command line
bias	systematic error that results from an unbalanced sample
big data	huge amount of data, identifiable through repeated freezing of your standard program when opening a file
born digital data	data which originated in a digital form
CLI	Command Line Interface, text interface that allows interaction with the computer; see also bash
close reading	careful and attentive interpretation of a text
CMS	Content Management System
Console	See CLI
Crowdsourcing	projects that include the active participation of the public to generate content, transcribe sources etc.
csv	comma separated values, a structured text format, using commas as separators between columns
distant reading	quantitative approach to huge amounts of texts, using computational methods to search for interpretable patterns
GUI	Graphical User Interface
HTML	Hypertext Markup Language, a structured text format, like the format this guide is written in, to render documents in a browser
Jupyter notebook	web application/interactive coding environment that runs in a browser; let’s you create and share code (https://jupyter.org)
machine learning	umbrella term for different methods that use data to do a task in a specific way, using data to learn and to improve the results
machine readable	transformation of, for example, text into a data format that is processable by a computer
OCR	Optical Character Recognition, process of transforming text on an image into a data format
OS	Operating System
open source	freely available source code that can be used, modified and redistributed without limitations
OSS	Open Source Software
Regular Expression	syntax for search and replace text using patterns (instead of exact matches)
terminal	See CLI
web scraping	extracting data from websites